SOLAR INDUSTRY AND THE SUNSHINE ECONOMY

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The invention of Photovoltaic Cell is very old. In the early days it was very costly, so it was used in satellites. The efficiency of cell was very poor. As the time passes the efficiency increases to 13.5% (for commercial use) for monocrystalline solar cell. This cell uses purified silicon (99.9999%). Though silicon is very cheap and available second only to oxygen in the Earth’s crust, but the manufacturing cost is very high as it is manufactured in batches. A poly- crystalline cell was developed with less manufacturing cost, by sacrificing the efficiency 0.5%. The researcher developed a thin film solar cell with roll-to- roll manufacturing process. The CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium solar cell) is very cheap is about $1.00 per peak watt, claimed by "Global Solar Energy", it has an extremely high absorption that allows 99% of available sun light to be absorbed in the first micron of the material. The future of the CIGS is brighter as it has higher conversion efficiency and vary stable over time it means it lasts long. The efficiency of cell reached to 19% (Laboratory).
Heliostat, we call it in our Hindi Language "Surajmukhi". Its mouth is always towards the sun. It is made of cheap mirrors, fixed on stand and tracks towards the sun by means of trackers. The two axes, azimuth & tilt are managed by computer controlled stepper motors. Every time sun delivers 1000watts/M^2 energy to the earth. The heliostat reflects this energy to a fixed target, throughout the day. One square meter heliostat is reflecting 1000watts to the target and it is termed as one sun. Hundreds to thousands of heliostats are directed towards the target to make a steam for running turbines for electric power generation. The temperature of target or boiler reached to 400 degree centigrade or more. The boiler is mounted on the tower so this process of electric conversion is called Central Receiver solar Tower thermal plants. The motions of heliostats are controlled by cameras and computers. The heliostats are replaced by fossil fuels to generate the steam in boiler, thus saving of fossil fuels and saving of carbon die oxide.
The function of inverter is to covert DC current to AC current. We are using inverters from a long time. The capacity of inverters is increase due to introduction of solar plants. The available sizes of inverters in market are from few watts to 1MW or even more. In the old days the efficiency of inverter was only 85%. Now MOSFET inverters have efficiency 97.5%. The input voltage of inverter should be more than the solar array system voltages. In United States it is listed by Underwriters Laboratory. NEC Code inverter is UL 1741. The maximum input voltage 600V and frequency is 60c/s. But according to Indian standard inverter frequency should be 50 c/s. Now a days 1000V and tranformerless inverters are available. The inverter cost is measure cost next to solar panels; it is about 10% to 15%. In my opinion do not use more than 250KW inverter in plant in India, because break down occurs than whole plant is not affected.
Unfortunately all the produced energy cannot be stored for reuse. In stand alone System, deep cycle battery is used for storing solar energy for reuse when utility outage. Up to now no battery is produced which can store power equivalent to petrol. For producing power from one liter petrol the battery size will be more than one liter (volume of battery). Research on batteries is under progress to minimize the size and cost so that it can be used in Vehicles.
The LED lamps are energy saving device which can produce same amount of light, consuming only fraction of power of incandesce bulb. Unfortunately now days these are very costly and large sizes are not available.
There are two types of systems are used in Photovoltaic solar electric energy. One is stand alone System, it is useful for distant villages in deserts, hilly areas where utility grid is not available. Generally 1KW to 2KW PV solar system is sufficient for a household. It contains array of solar modules, charge controller, disconnects, inverter (for India frequency should be 50c/s), fault protection device, battery back-up & grounding. The cost of system is $6.0 to $8.0 per peak watt (with out subsidy). Thus the cost per KW is $6000.00 to $8000.00. The space required for 1KW system is 200 square feet (20M^2). The area should be shade free, at least no shading between 9.00 to 3.00 solar times.
The solar modules are combined to make array to produce more voltage up to 600 DC. The combination of arrays in combiner and then fed to inverter to produce three phase AC power. This produced AC power is synchronized to utility grid 33KV or 66KV. The grid connected PV power system also have arrays of solar modules, (for 1MW power capacity requires 4000 thousand PV modules of 250watts.), combiner boxes, inverters, groundings etc. The cost of power plant will be $5.0 to $6.0 per peak watt. The cost may be go down as the prices of modules and other parts are continually decreasing. Barren and leveled land is useful for installing this project. For 1MW power project five acre (2. hector) land is sufficient. In my opinion Farmers should sow solar energy in spite of Crop. In an average a farmer gets Rs.100000/- crops per hector per year. If he sows solar energy than he will get 500x6x365= 1095000KWh. (Where 500 is the capacity of plant in KW (0.5MW), 6 is the average insolation/day (for Barmer), 365 days). If he gets profit Rs.0.5/- per KWh than he can earn Rs.5.0 lac
Visit my blog on solar energy. "BARMER THE SOLAR POWER GENERATOR IN FUTURE” http://barmersolar.blogspot.com The Government announces various rebates through Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission. The states have announced separate facilities to investors. The subsidy is power generation basis. Rebate for grid connected solar PV System is Rs.12/- per KWh and for solar Thermal system is Rs.10/-. For borders and hilly areas 90% subsidy (for home lights only) is applicable. 30% subsidy is for water pumping. The generated electricity can be sold to state electricity boards. The states provide land on 10% of DLC rates (In our areas DLC rate is Rs.100000/-per hector). It means for installing 1MW power plant land cost is only Rs.20000/- only. IREDA is giving loan @6% per annum. The Principal amount is to be paid with in 10 to 15 years or more depends upon the project. The interest shall be paid after every 6 months. The finance available is 75% or more of the project cost. Other Banks are financing also. The depreciation benefits will be extra. The loan, rebate & other facility will be available to those investors who have registered with state Renewable energy agencies. In Rajasthan, Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Ltd, Udhisther Marg, C-Scheme; JAIPUR is registering agency. The site is www.rrecl.com, you can download the form for registration. At present for PV project, processing fee is Rs.25000/- per MW. The corporation is developing a solar park in Jodhpur & Jaisalmer in the area of 3000 hectors.

The future of India is bright, because the average solar insolation is 5.0KWh to 7.0KWh per day per M^2
Though the energy produced by solar cells & solar thermal is costly as compared to fossil fuels, yet it is pollution free energy. 1KW of solar PV system can save 1.00 MT of carbon die oxide per annum. The cost of fossil fuels are increasing day by day and cost of solar energy decreases day by day, so a day will come when both costs will be equal. The research on the PV cell, battery, inverters is continue to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency.
pool filters The invention of Photovoltaic Cell is very old. In the early days it was very costly, so it was used in satellites. The efficiency of cell was very poor. As the time passes the efficiency increases to 13.5% (for commercial use) for monocrystalline solar cell. This cell uses purified silicon (99.9999%). Though silicon is very cheap and available second only to oxygen in the Earth’s crust, but the manufacturing cost is very high as it is

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